浅谈压力铸造的全自动化生产

近年来,国家对制造业的数字化、网络化、智能化越来越重视,特别是《中国制造2025》的发布,更是促进整个制造业向智能制造迈进,铸造行业也应该紧跟步伐。在传统压力铸造行业中压铸机的加料、取件,切边机的上件、下件,加工机床的上件、下件,都是依靠人来完成,大大制约了行业的发展。本文阐述了压力铸造的全自动化生产,为压力铸造行业的转型升级提供借鉴。     

Operation principles for hydrogen spark ignited direct injection engines for passenger car applications

The sustainable reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from road transport requires solutions to achieve net-zero carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, in addition to vehicles with electrified powertrains, such as those implemented in battery electric of fuel cell vehicles, internal combustion engines fueled with e-fuels or biofuels are also under discussion. An e-fuel that has come into focus recently, is hydrogen due to its potential to achieve zero tank-to-wheel and well-to-wheel carbon dioxide emissions when the electrolysis is powered by electricity from renewable sources. Due to the high laminar burning velocity, hydrogen has the potential for engine operation with high cylinder charge dilution by e.g. external exhaust gas recirculation or enleanment, resulting in increased efficiency. On the other hand, the high burning velocity and high adiabatic flame temperatures pose a challenge for engine cooling due to increased heat losses compared to conventional fuels. To further evaluate the use of hydrogen for small passenger car engines, a series production 1 L 3 cylinder gasoline engine provided by Ford Werke GmbH was modified for hydrogen direct injection. The engine was equipped with a high pressure external exhaust gas recirculation system to investigate charge dilution at stoichiometric operation. Due to limitations of the turbocharging system, very lean operation, which can achieve nitrogen oxides raw emissions below 10 ppm, was limited to part load operation below BMEP = 8 bar. Thus, a reduction of the nitrogen oxides emission level at high loads compared to stoichiometric operation was not possible. At stoichiometric operation with external exhaust gas recirculation engine efficiency can be increased significantly. The comparison of stoichiometric hydrogen and gasoline operation shows a reduced indicated efficiency with hydrogen with significant faster combustion of hydrogen at comparable centers of combustion. However, higher boost pressures would allow to achieve even higher indicated efficiencies by charge dilution compared to gasoline engine operation.     

Effectiveness of portable HEPA air cleaners on reducing indoor PM2.5 and NH3 in an agricultural cohort of children with asthma: A randomized intervention trial

We conducted a randomized trial of portable HEPA air cleaners with pre-filters designed to also reduce NH₃ in non-smoking homes of children age 6-12 with asthma in Yakima Valley (Washington, USA). Participants were recruited through the Yakima Valley Farm Workers Clinic asthma education program. All participants received education on home triggers while intervention families additionally received two HEPA cleaners (child's sleeping area, main living area). Fourteen-day integrated samples of PM_2.5 and NH₃ were measured at baseline and one-year follow-up. We fit ANCOVA models to compare follow-up concentrations in HEPA vs control homes, adjusting for baseline concentrations. Seventy-one households (36 HEPA, 35 control) completed the study. Most were single-family homes, with electric heat and stove, A/C, dogs/cats, and mean (SD) 5.3 (1.8) occupants. In the sleeping area, baseline geometric mean (GSD) PM_2.5 was 10.7 (2.3) μg/m³ (HEPA) vs 11.2 (1.9) μg/m³ (control); in the living area, it was 12.5 (2.3) μg/m³ (HEPA) vs 13.6 (1.9) μg/m³ (control). Baseline sleeping area NH₃ was 62.4 (1.6) μg/m³ (HEPA) vs 65.2 (1.8) μg/m³ (control). At follow-up, HEPA families had 60% (95% CI, 41%-72%; p < .0001) and 42% (19%-58%; p = .002) lower sleeping and living area PM_2.5, respectively, consistent with prior studies. NH₃ reductions were not observed.     

纳米零价铁材料对放射性核素的 去除及机理研究进展

随着人类社会的发展，放射性铀矿的开采和使用越来越多，环境面临着越来越严重的放射性污染问题。从生物和环境的角度来看，有效地清除环境中的放射性核素是核能利用过程中最重要的问题之一。纳米零价铁（nanoscale zero valent iron, nZVI）具有较大的比表面积和较高的活性位点，能显著提高放射性污染物的修复效率。本综述的目的是展示nZVI基材料对放射性核素的高效去除能力和环境修复作用。简介了常用的nZVI基材料（表面改性或多孔材料支撑的nZVI材料）及其对放射性核素的去除效果和相互作用机制（如吸附和氧化还原）。最后，对nZVI材料的应用和挑战给出个人见解。本综述有助于为高效去除放射性核素的nZVI材料的设计指明方向，为放射性核素的高效处理处置提供新材料。     

Airborne bacterial assemblage in a zero carbon building: A case study

Currently, there is little information pertaining to the airborne bacterial communities of green buildings. In this case study, the air bacterial community of a zero carbon building (ZCB) in Hong Kong was characterized by targeting the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Bacteria associated with the outdoor environment dominated the indoor airborne bacterial assemblage, with a modest contribution from bacteria associated with human skin. Differences in overall community diversity, membership, and composition associated with short (day‐to‐day) and long‐term temporal properties were detected, which may have been driven by specific environmental genera and taxa. Furthermore, time‐decay relationships in community membership (based on unweighted UniFrac distances) and composition (based on weighted UniFrac distances) differed depending on the season and sampling location. A Bayesian source‐tracking approach further supported the importance of adjacent outdoor air bacterial assemblage in sourcing the ZCB indoor bioaerosol. Despite the unique building attributes, the ZCB microbial assemblage detected and its temporal characteristics were not dissimilar to that of conventional built environments investigated previously. Future controlled experiments and microbial assemblage investigations of other ZCBs will undoubtedly uncover additional knowledge related to how airborne bacteria in green buildings may be influenced by their distinctive architectural attributes.     

汽车发动机用AZ91D合金的表面喷涂与性能

采用热喷涂工艺在压铸态AZ91D合金表面制备了Al涂层,研究了热处理温度和保温时间对AZ91/Al涂层界面组织形貌的影响,并对比分析了扩散层的耐腐蚀性能和耐磨性能。结果表明,热处理前Al涂层与基材为机械结合,热处理后Al涂层与AZ91合金基材的界面处可形成冶金结合扩散层,且随着保温时间延长,扩散层厚度不断增加;热处理温度在375 ℃以下时扩散层主要由β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂相构成,375 ℃×8 h热处理后为α-Mg+β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂相,425 ℃×1 h热处理后为γ-Mg₂Al₃和β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂相。AZ91合金基材和扩散层腐蚀电位从高至低顺序为γ>β>α+β>AZ91合金基材,扩散层的腐蚀电流密度均低于AZ91合金基材,阻抗谱图中容抗弧半径从大至小顺序为γ>β>α+β>AZ91合金基材,扩散层的耐腐蚀性能均优于AZ91合金基材;γ、β和α+β扩散层的摩擦稳定性系数都高于AZ91合金基材,而磨损速率和磨痕宽度都要小于AZ91合金基材,其中β扩散层的磨损速率和磨痕宽度最小,具有最佳的抵抗磨损的能力。     

后新冠肺炎疫情下临床试验的发展及思考

2020年,我国经历了前所未有的新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情。在重大公共卫生事件背景下,各地临床试验都经历了入组暂停、方案违背等一系列困难时期。随着全国复产复工,进入后新冠肺炎疫情时期。本文分析了临床试验机构如何恢复业务,倡导强化以受试者为中心设计临床试验流程、全面普及信息化、建设专业化的临床研究中心和临床研究支撑团队、中药拓展新用途尊重循证证据和真实世界证据、优化伦理委员会的审查模式、机构灾难恢复计划成为常态等疫情期间的应对措施和经验,并应用到将来的临床研究中。     

Group sequential crossover trial designs with strong control of the familywise error rate

Crossover designs are an extremely useful tool to investigators, and group sequential methods have proven highly proficient at improving the efficiency of parallel group trials. Yet, group sequential methods and crossover designs have rarely been paired together. One possible explanation for this could be the absence of a formal proof of how to strongly control the familywise error rate in the case when multiple comparisons will be made. Here, we provide this proof, valid for any number of initial experimental treatments and any number of stages, when results are analyzed using a linear mixed model. We then establish formulae for the expected sample size and expected number of observations of such a trial, given any choice of stopping boundaries. Finally, utilizing the four-treatment, four-period TOMADO trial as an example, we demonstrate that group sequential methods in this setting could have reduced the trials expected number of observations under the global null hypothesis by over 33%.     

新型热冲压模具钢的组织与性能

采用SEM、TEM、LF457型激光导热仪,DSC404型差示扫描量热仪和UMT-3型高温摩擦磨损试验机对高强钢板热冲压用新型模具钢的组织和热稳定性能、热物理性能及高温耐磨性能进行研究。试验结果表明:该模具钢具有良好的抗回火软化性能、热稳定性、高热导率和高温耐磨性,能更好地适应高强钢板热冲压工况。新型模具钢的碳化物以Mo₂C和VC为主,使得该钢有更好的抗回火软化和热稳定性。新型钢具有高热导率,在室温下是H13钢的1.4倍。其低Si、Mn、Cr和高Mo的合金化特征是其高热导率的原因。该钢较H13钢有更好的高温耐磨性能,尤其是温度高于600 ℃后耐磨性要远远优于H13钢。新型模具钢良好的耐磨性能有益于减少模具修理频次,提高模具寿命。